Japan on target to double science spend ...
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Double spend races
We correct the double spend race analysis given in Nakamoto’s foundational Bitcoin article and give a closed-form formula for the probability of success of a double spend attack using the Regularized Incomplete Beta Function. We give the first proof of the exponential decay on the number of confirmations and find an asymptotic formula. Larger number of confirmations are necessary compared to th...
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Bitcoin’s core innovation is its solution to double-spending, called Nakamoto consensus. This provides a probabilistic guarantee that transactions will not be reversed or redirected, provided that it is improbable for an attacker to obtain a majority of mining power in the network. While this may be true in the traditional sense, this assumption becomes tenuous when miners are assumed to be rat...
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Bitcoin is a digital currency in which the need for a trusted third party is voided. Instead, this digital currency is based on the concept of ‘proof of work’ allowing users to execute payments by digitally signing their transactions. Since electronic files can be duplicated, fraudulent transactions in the form of double-spend attacks – where users spend the same money at least twice – can happ...
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The fundamental attack against blockchain systems is the double-spend attack. In this tutorial, we provide a very detailed explanation of just one section of Satoshi Nakamoto’s original paper where the attack’s probability of success is stated. We show the derivation of the mathematics relied upon by Nakamoto to create a model of the attack. We also validate the model with a Monte Carlo simulat...
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Two very different visions of the national government underpin the ongoing battle over the Affordable Care Act̂ (ACA). President Obama and supporters of the ACA believe in the power of government to protect individuals through regulation and collective action.^ By contrast, the ACA's Republican and Tea Party opponents see expanded government as a fundamental threat to individual liberty and view...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 1999
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/17651